Blog

Recording technical learnings and daily insights.

2026-06-11AIAgentMicrosoft Agent FrameworkAgent HarnessC#.NETTools

The Same Idea with Microsoft Agent Framework — Building a Review Agent by Just Adding Tools with the Agent Harness

The 'delegate orchestration, just add tools' idea isn't exclusive to the GitHub Copilot SDK. Microsoft Agent Framework's Agent Harness (HarnessAgent) spins up an autonomous agent — with planning, todos, context compaction, and tool approval prebuilt — in one line, and you just add tools. We implement the same document review agent in C# and discuss how its design differs from the Copilot SDK version.

2026-06-11AIAgentMemoryMicrosoft Agent FrameworkPythonC#LLM

Designing Agent Memory — A Practical Guide to Short-Term and Long-Term Memory with Microsoft Agent Framework

A systematic look at what 'memory' actually is, grounded in cognitive science and recent research papers, followed by a concrete guide to designing and implementing short-term and long-term memory using Microsoft Agent Framework's AgentSession, ContextProvider, and ChatHistoryProvider — with Python and C# code.

2026-06-11Conversation UXLLM AgentEvaluationVoice AIDialogue SystemsLLM-as-JudgeHCI

How to Evaluate Conversation UX —— A MECE Framework for Agent–Human Dialogue Across Structure, Correctness, and Goodness

A systematic framework for evaluating the conversation UX of LLM-backed agents. We classify the evaluation rules MECE across three separable quality axes — structure, correctness, and goodness — plus a safety constraint axis, and separate what can be measured deterministically from what cannot. We then show how the weighting of the axes shifts between text chat and voice, all the way down to the cognitive science of turn-taking.

2026-06-11AIAgentGitHub CopilotSDKTypeScriptTools

Letting Go of Orchestration — Building a Document Review Agent by Just Adding Tools with the GitHub Copilot SDK

Stop writing your agent's orchestration loop and hand it entirely to the GitHub Copilot SDK. Just provide the capabilities a review needs as tools, and a review agent emerges. We implement the idea end to end — custom tools, permission control, an SSE server, and a UI — and weigh the pros and cons of this design.

2026-04-18AI AgentLLMClaude CodeArchitecturePaper ReadingMCPContext Engineering

Reading the Design Space of a Production AI Agent — Lessons from Dissecting Claude Code's 512K Lines of Harness-Centric Architecture

A comprehensive reading of arXiv:2604.14228 'Dive into Claude Code'. We trace the design philosophy that stacks 98.4% deterministic harness around a while-loop, covering safety, context management, extensibility, multi-agent, and persistence — and extract practical implications for building AI agent products.

2026-04-17LinuxKernelio_uringepollAsync I/O

io_uring and epoll — A Deep Dive into Linux Asynchronous I/O

A thorough walk through the evolution of Linux async I/O from select and poll through epoll to io_uring, grounded in kernel data structures and real source code.

2026-04-17Vector DatabaseANNHNSWEmbeddingRAG

Vector Database Internals — The Algorithms Behind Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search

A deep dive into the algorithms powering modern vector databases: distance metrics, IVF, Product Quantization, HNSW, and DiskANN, grounded in the actual implementations of FAISS, Milvus, pgvector, and Qdrant.

2026-04-15AG-UIAIProtocolMicrosoft Agent FrameworkPython

AG-UI Protocol Deep Dive — The Standard Protocol Connecting Agents to Users, Implemented with Microsoft Agent Framework

A thorough explanation of AG-UI (Agent-User Interaction Protocol) architecture, event system, middleware, and state management, with concrete implementations using Microsoft Agent Framework.

2026-04-13Graph TheoryCommunity DetectionNetwork ScienceHigher-OrderDynamic Networks

Community Detection Part 2 — Higher-Order Structures, Dynamic Networks, and the Frontier

Beyond edge density: exploring higher-order (motif-based) community detection, dynamic network community tracking, and multiplex network analysis, with historical context and interactive visualizations.

2026-04-13AIAgentWorkflowC#.NETMicrosoft Agent Framework

Agentic Workflow Deep Dive — From Concepts to C# Implementation with Microsoft Agent Framework

What is an Agentic Workflow? From the differences with traditional automation and chatbots to Sequential, Concurrent, Handoff, and Writer-Critic loop patterns — a thorough guide with C# implementation using Microsoft Agent Framework.

2026-04-13Graph TheoryCommunity DetectionAlgorithmsNetwork Science

Community Detection — The Science of Finding Hidden Groups in Graphs

A deep dive into the history, major algorithms, and fundamental challenges of Community Detection in graph research, with interactive visualizations.

2026-04-13GraphRAGRAGKnowledge GraphLLMC#Agent Framework

GraphRAG Deep Dive — How Knowledge Graphs Transform Retrieval-Augmented Generation

A comprehensive guide to Microsoft Research's GraphRAG, covering architecture, Leiden-based community detection, Global/Local/DRIFT Search, and a hands-on implementation using Microsoft Agent Framework (C#).

2026-04-13MCPAIProtocolArchitecture

Model Context Protocol (MCP) Deep Dive — From Architecture to MCP Apps

A comprehensive guide to the Model Context Protocol (MCP) covering its architecture, Host/Client/Server relationships, three core primitives (Tools, Resources, Prompts), transport layer, client features (Sampling, Elicitation), and the MCP Apps extension with concrete implementation examples from microsoft/mcp-interactiveUI-samples.

2026-04-13Graph TheoryCommunity DetectionStreaming AlgorithmsNetwork ScienceDynamic Graphs

Streaming Community Detection — The Science of Tracking Communities in Real-Time Evolving Graphs

A deep dive into the research history and frontiers of Community Detection in streaming settings where edges arrive and depart one by one, featuring TILES, delta-screening Louvain, LabelRankT, and other landmark algorithms.

2026-04-12VMPythonJavaJITRuntime

Inside Bytecode VMs — From Interpreters to JIT Compilers

A deep dive into bytecode virtual machines like Python's CPython and JVM. We trace the entire journey from source code to bytecode compilation, explore stack machines vs register machines, interpreter implementation patterns, and finally JIT compiler optimizations that bring dynamic languages close to native speed.

2026-04-11Distributed SystemsMapReduceBig DataSystems Design

MapReduce Deep Dive — The Paradigm Shift of Distributed Computing

A comprehensive deep dive into Google's MapReduce (2004): historical context, programming model, internal implementation, fault tolerance, and the legacy it left behind.

2026-04-09AlgorithmsProbabilityPageRankMarkov Chain

Random Walks — From a Drunkard's Stagger to PageRank

Starting from 1D random walk recurrence, through Markov chains and stationary distributions on graphs, to the invention of PageRank

2026-04-08AlgorithmGraphBFSDFSDijkstra

Graph Traversal Algorithms — How to Invent BFS, DFS & Dijkstra from Scratch

Instead of memorizing BFS, DFS, and Dijkstra, learn the thought process that leads you to invent them. Follow the reasoning from naive exploration to each algorithm's key insight, building the mindset to tackle novel problems.

2026-04-06Workflow EngineEvent SourcingState MachinePythonArchitecture

Building an Event-Driven Workflow Engine from Scratch

A deep dive into the core concepts behind workflow engines — event sourcing, state machines, task queues, and deterministic replay — all implemented from scratch in Python.

2026-04-06MiddlewareDesign PatternsPythonWeb FrameworkArchitecture

Understanding the Middleware Chain as an Implementation Pattern

Express.js's next(), Django's get_response, ASP.NET Core's pipeline — every web framework uses the 'middleware chain' pattern. Build one from scratch in Python to understand the design principles.

2026-04-06ORMDesign PatternsPythonDatabaseArchitecture

ORM Internals — Understanding Object-Relational Mapping from the Ground Up

What happens inside SQLAlchemy and Django ORM? Build an ORM from scratch in Python — metadata definitions, SQL expression trees, Identity Map, Unit of Work, and lazy loading — to deeply understand the design and internals of ORMs.

2026-04-05ASP.NET Core.NETArchitectureMiddlewareDependency Injection

ASP.NET Core Architecture Deep Dive — From Request Arrival to Response

A thorough exploration of ASP.NET Core internals: hosting model, middleware pipeline, DI container, routing, filter pipeline, and performance optimizations.

2026-04-05.NET Aspire.NETCloud NativeDistributed SystemsObservability

.NET Aspire Deep Dive — Dissecting the Cloud-Native Application Framework

A thorough exploration of .NET Aspire internals: App Model, orchestration, service discovery, health checks, telemetry integration, custom resource authoring, and deployment manifests.

2026-04-04Programming ParadigmsFunctionalOOPComputer ScienceInteractive

The Lineage of Programming Paradigms — From Imperative to Functional and Beyond

A deep dive into the history and core ideas of programming paradigms — imperative, object-oriented, functional, logic, and reactive — with interactive diagrams and detailed explanations.

2026-04-04TestingPythonSoftware EngineeringArchitectureInteractive

Inside Test Frameworks — Designing and Building a Test Runner from Scratch

What really happens under the hood when you run pytest or unittest? We build a test runner from scratch in Python, exploring discovery, collection, lifecycle hooks, assertions, mocking, and reporting in exhaustive detail.

2026-04-03AIAgentMicrosoftPython.NETLLM

Microsoft Agent Framework Deep Dive — Architecture, Internals, and Multi-Agent Orchestration

A comprehensive guide to Microsoft Agent Framework covering agent execution model, tool integration, middleware, workflow engine internals, and source-code-level implementation details.

2026-04-03Design PatternsC#GoTypeScriptSoftware Architecture

The Options Pattern Explained — Building Configuration with Anonymous Functions

A deep dive into the Options Pattern used in ASP.NET Core and Go — motivation, internal implementation, multi-language examples, and comparison with other patterns.

2026-04-02LLMTransformerNLPDeep LearningInteractive

The Architecture and Evolution of Large Language Models — From Transformer to ChatGPT, an Interactive Deep Dive

An interactive, in-depth exploration of LLM evolution from Word2Vec to GPT-4, covering Transformer architecture, self-attention, text generation, and RLHF.

2026-04-02Search EngineInverted IndexTF-IDFInformation RetrievalData Structures

How Search Engines Work — Understanding Inverted Indexes and TF-IDF with Interactive Diagrams

An interactive deep-dive into search engine internals: from building inverted indexes to ranking with TF-IDF and BM25.

2026-04-01Software EngineeringArchitectureDesign Patterns

Libraries vs Frameworks — Understanding Inversion of Control

Explore the fundamental difference between libraries and frameworks through the lens of Inversion of Control (IoC), with concrete code examples.

2026-04-01Type SystemTypeScriptGoRustInteractive

A Deep Dive into Type Systems — What Static Typing Really Protects You From

From the basics of type systems to static vs dynamic typing, structural vs nominal typing, type inference, and generics — explained with interactive diagrams.

2026-03-31Asyncasync/awaitEvent LoopCoroutineJavaScriptPythonRust

Inside async/await — Event Loops, Coroutines, and Runtime Mechanics

What happens behind the async/await keywords. From JavaScript's event loop to Python's asyncio to Rust's polling-based Future model, a deep dive into the internals of asynchronous execution.

2026-03-31DatabaseIndexB+ TreeLSM-TreeData Structures

How Database Indexes Work — Inside B+ Trees and LSM-Trees

How database indexes speed up queries. The mechanics of B+ tree insertion, search, and splits, LSM-Tree write optimization strategies, and how real databases use these structures.

2026-03-31GCRuntimeGoJavaPython

How Garbage Collection Works — A History of GC and Language Strategies

A deep dive into garbage collection from the ground up. Covering reference counting, tracing GC, generational GC, and concurrent GC — tracing the evolution of GC technology and comparing strategies across major languages. Includes an interactive tri-color mark-and-sweep visualization.

2026-03-31GoConcurrencyRuntimeInteractive

How Go's Scheduler Works — Understanding the G, M, P Model Visually

An interactive visual guide to Go's runtime scheduler and the G (Goroutine), M (Machine/OS Thread), P (Processor) model.

2026-03-28Next.jsBlog

Hello World — Blog Launch

I built a personal blog with Next.js + MDX + Tailwind CSS. I'll be sharing technical learnings and daily insights.

2025-05-15Distributed SystemsConsensusPaxosRaftPBFT

The Lineage of Consensus Algorithms — From 2PC to Byzantine Fault Tolerance, a Visual Journey Through Distributed Consensus

Visualize 2PC, Paxos, Raft, and PBFT through interactive simulators while tracing the evolution and theoretical foundations of distributed consensus algorithms.

2025-02-15TravelSeattleVancouverStorytelling Map

Across the Pacific — Seattle & Vancouver Travel Diary

A February 2025 journey through Seattle and Vancouver. From the tech capital to Canadian wilderness, chasing the beauty of the Pacific Northwest.